Valles Caldera National Preserve

Valles Caldera National Preserve lies in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico and covers about 88,900 acres (360 square kilometers). The circular caldera is roughly 13 miles (21 kilometers) wide and formed about 1.25 million years ago in a massive volcanic eruption. Later eruptions built volcanic domes inside it. The volcano is considered inactive but not extinct; hot springs and fumaroles show its geothermal activity. The area has been a National Natural Landmark since 1975.

Large meadows and volcanic domes define the landscape. According to the National Park Service, more than 2,500 elk use the preserve for breeding, calving and feeding, and Lonely Planet calls it New Mexico's second-largest elk herd. Coyotes, prairie dogs, black bears and eagles also live here. The federal government bought the land in 2000 after more than 100 years of private ownership.

The preserve is on Highway 4 (39201 Hwy 4). According to Lonely Planet, the roads in the preserve are unpaved and four-wheel drive is recommended in snow and rain; limited daily permits are issued for backcountry vehicle access. Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing are possible in winter. Check access, the visitor center and opening hours with the National Park Service in advance.